Diversity is one of the defining qualities of the city of Toronto but you’d never know it by the way municipal by-laws are designed and enforced, says criminology and socio-legal studies professor Mariana Valverde.
In fact, some of the city's most popular mechanisms for civic engagement – such as public meetings – do not support inclusion but actually disadvantage marginalized groups, who are less likely to attend or speak up, and who often encounter prejudice at the meetings if they do, Valverde says.